Sex Hormones in CFS/ME/SEID

The pituitary gland plays a central role in the regulation of both growth hormone (GH) and sex hormones through its secretion of various hormones. Here’s an overview of how the pituitary gland is involved in the regulation of GH and sex hormones:

1. Growth Hormone (GH):
   • The anterior pituitary gland releases growth hormone (GH) in response to the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus. Conversely, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also known as somatostatin, inhibits GH release.
   • GH has important effects on growth, especially during childhood and adolescence. It stimulates the growth of bones, cartilage, and tissues, promoting overall body growth.
2. Sex Hormones:
   • The regulation of sex hormones involves a different axis called the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
   • In females, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH and FSH, in turn, regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries.
   • In males, GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary, which regulate the production of testosterone and sperm in the testes.
3. Interactions between GH and Sex Hormones:
   • GH and sex hormones can influence each other, and their secretion is influenced by similar regulatory factors.
   • During puberty, there is an increase in both GH and sex hormone levels. The interaction between these hormones contributes to the growth spurt and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
   • Sex hormones, particularly estrogen and testosterone, can influence the sensitivity of tissues to GH. For example, estrogen enhances the effects of GH on bone health.
4. Feedback Mechanisms:
   • The release of GH and sex hormones is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms. For instance, increased levels of sex hormones can provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, modulating the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH.

Sex Hormones in CFS/ME/SEID

         Different findings:

• The authors of one study suggested that chronic fatigue syndrome could potentially be linked to a deficiency in estrogen levels and proposed hormone replacement therapy as a possible treatment option for women with CFS. Furthermore, they asserted that 80% of patients experienced positive outcomes following the administration of estradiol patches and cyclical progestagens.
• On the other hand, CFS/ME/SEID has been identified by some as a condition characterized by hypocortisolism, increased levels of estrogen, and a shift towards Th2 activation.
• Finally, there is another finding that estrogen-progesterone rate is elevated, rather than estrogen elevated.
• Testosterone is found to be lower in males and on the lower scale in females.
• Most of them though agree that hormone expression disregulation comes from hypothalamus.

Therefore, my recommendation is to consult with a healthcare professional to assess hormone levels and discuss the possibility of pursuing hormone replacement therapy as a potential course of action, should you be interested in exploring that option.
In my belief, since in all of those hormonal problems HPA Axis is involved, addressing inflammation and oxidative stress can be beneficial. I also always keep in mind that psychological stress compounds the cumulative stress experienced by the HPA Axis.

Hormone replacement therapy

Consult with a healthcare professional to assess hormone levels and discuss the possibility of pursuing hormone replacement therapy as a potential course of action, should you be interested in exploring that option.

Some estrogene defficiant patients experienced positive outcomes following the administration of estradiol patches and cyclical progestagens.

HRT may involve the use of medications that replace the missing testosterone as well, or it may involve the use of medications that stimulate the body to produce more testosterone.

It is important to note that HRT should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it may have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone

Natural Support:
Natural estrogene boosters

While there are no natural substances that can directly increase estrogen levels in the way that hormone replacement therapy does, some foods and herbs may have estrogen-like effects or help support hormonal balance. It’s important to note that if you have concerns about your hormone levels, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional.

Here are some foods and herbs that are often considered to have potential estrogenic effects or may support hormonal balance:

1. Flaxseeds: Flaxseeds are rich in lignans, which have phytoestrogenic properties. These compounds may have a weak estrogen-like effect in the body.
2. Soy products: Soy contains isoflavones, another type of phytoestrogen. Foods like tofu, soy milk, and edamame may have a mild estrogenic effect.
3. Legumes: Chickpeas, lentils, and other legumes contain compounds that may have estrogen-like effects.
4. Dong Quai: Also known as Angelica sinensis, dong quai is an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed to have estrogenic effects and is often used to support women’s health.
5. Red Clover: This herb contains isoflavones and is often used for menopausal symptoms.
6. Black Cohosh: Another herb commonly used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, black cohosh may have mild estrogen-like effects.
7. Licorice Root: Licorice root may have estrogenic effects and is used in traditional medicine for hormonal balance.
8. Wild Yam: Often used as a natural remedy for hormonal balance, wild yam contains diosgenin, which is a precursor to synthetic progesterone. However, the body doesn’t convert diosgenin into estrogen.

Natural progesterone boosters

Similar to estrogen, there are no natural substances that directly boost progesterone levels, some foods and herbs may support hormonal balance or have properties that are thought to be progesterone-like. It’s important to note that if you have concerns about your hormone levels, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional.

Here are some foods and herbs that are often considered to have potential progesterone-supporting effects or may contribute to hormonal balance:

1. Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus): Chasteberry is an herb that has been traditionally used to support hormonal balance, particularly in women. It’s believed to influence the hormonal feedback loop, potentially supporting progesterone production.
2. Wild Yam: While wild yam itself does not contain progesterone, it is a source of diosgenin, a compound that is used to synthesize progesterone in the laboratory. However, the body does not convert diosgenin into progesterone when consumed.
3. Leafy Greens: Dark, leafy greens like kale and spinach contain nutrients such as magnesium and zinc, which are important for hormonal balance and may indirectly support progesterone production.
4. Nuts and Seeds: Nuts and seeds, such as almonds and sunflower seeds, provide essential fatty acids that are important for hormone production.
5. Salmon: Fatty fish like salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can support overall hormonal health.
6. Avocado: Avocados are a good source of healthy fats that are essential for hormone production.
7. Broccoli: Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables contain indole-3-carbinol, a compound that may support hormonal balance.
8. Ginger: Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and may contribute to hormonal balance.

Natural testosterone boosters

Testosterone is a crucial hormone in both men and women, although it is typically present in higher levels in men. While there are no natural substances that can dramatically and safely boost testosterone levels in the same way that synthetic hormones might, certain lifestyle factors and dietary choices may support overall hormonal health. Here are some lifestyle and dietary factors that may support healthy testosterone levels:

7. Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, especially resistance training (weightlifting), has been shown to help support healthy testosterone levels.
8. Adequate Sleep: Getting enough quality sleep is crucial for overall hormonal balance, including testosterone production. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.
9. Healthy Fats: Including sources of healthy fats in your diet, such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil, is important for hormone production, including testosterone.
10. Zinc-Rich Foods: Zinc is a mineral that plays a role in testosterone production. Foods high in zinc include oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds, and lentils.
11. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is essential for overall health and has been linked to testosterone levels. Get regular exposure to sunlight and consider vitamin D-rich foods or supplements if necessary.
12. Protein Intake: Consuming an adequate amount of protein, whether from animal or plant sources, is important for overall health and may support testosterone levels.
13. Tribulus Terrestris: Tribulus terrestris is an herb commonly used in traditional medicine to enhance athletic performance and libido. Some studies suggest that it may have a modest impact on testosterone levels, particularly in individuals with low testosterone.
14. Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia): Also known as Longjack, Tongkat Ali is an herb traditionally used to enhance libido and improve male fertility. Some studies suggest it may have a positive impact on testosterone levels, but more research is needed.
15. Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii): Maca is a plant native to Peru and is often promoted as an adaptogen. Some studies suggest that it may have a positive effect on sexual function and libido, potentially influencing testosterone levels.

For general health and hormonal balance

• Avoid Excessive Stress: Chronic stress can negatively impact hormone levels, including testosterone. Implement stress-management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake has been associated with lower testosterone levels. Moderation is key.
• Limit Sugar and Processed Foods: A diet high in sugar and processed foods may contribute to insulin resistance, which can negatively impact testosterone levels.
• Healthy Weight Maintenance: Being overweight or underweight can disrupt hormonal balance, including testosterone. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise is important.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are mentioned in all CFS/ME/SEID treatments and strategies because oxidative stress is present in nearly all mechanisms of this disease.

1. Astaxanthin: This is a carotenoid pigment found in certain microorganisms and seafood, such as salmon and shrimp. Astaxanthin is known for its powerful antioxidant properties, and research suggests it may be more potent than other carotenoids like beta-carotene or lutein.
2. Resveratrol: Found in red wine, grapes, and certain berries, resveratrol is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It’s thought to contribute to the health benefits associated with moderate red wine consumption.
3. Quercetin: Present in various fruits, vegetables, and grains, quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is found in foods like apples, onions, and berries.
4. Glutathione: Often referred to as the “master antioxidant,” glutathione is produced by the body and is involved in detoxification processes. It can be found in foods like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and spinach.
5. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Found in citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, and bell peppers, vitamin C is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage.
6. Vitamin E (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols): Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. It plays a role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative stress.
7. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): This compound is present in every cell of the body and is involved in the production of energy. CoQ10 also has antioxidant properties and is found in organ meats, fish, and whole grains.
8. Selenium: While technically a mineral, selenium acts as an essential component of antioxidant enzymes in the body. It is found in foods like Brazil nuts, fish, and poultry.
9. Curcumin: The active compound in turmeric, curcumin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is often used in traditional medicine and has been studied for various health benefits.
10. Pine Bark Extract: Pine bark extract contains compounds like proanthocyanidins, which have antioxidant properties and may support overall health, including reproductive health.
11. Ellagic Acid: Found in berries (such as strawberries and raspberries), ellagic acid has been studied for its potential anti-cancer and antioxidant properties.
12. Apigenin: A flavonoid present in parsley, celery, and chamomile tea, apigenin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
13. Luteolin: This flavonoid is found in vegetables like celery, peppers, and parsley. Luteolin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects.
14. Mangiferin: Found in mangoes and the bark of the mango tree, mangiferin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may contribute to the health benefits of mango consumption.
15. Carnosic Acid: Present in rosemary, carnosic acid is a phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is often used as a natural preservative in food products.
16. Betanin: This red pigment found in beets has antioxidant properties and may have potential health benefits. Beets are also rich in other antioxidants like betalains.
17. Curcuminoids (other than Curcumin): Turmeric contains not only curcumin but also other curcuminoids like demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, each with its own set of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
18. Avenanthramides: Found in oats, avenanthramides have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and may contribute to the cardiovascular health benefits associated with oat consumption.
19. Pterostilbene: Similar to resveratrol, pterostilbene is found in blueberries and grapes. It has antioxidant properties and has been studied for potential health benefits.
20. Sulforaphane: Present in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower, sulforaphane has antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.
21. Curcumenol: A compound found in turmeric, curcumenol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and may contribute to the overall health benefits of turmeric.
22. Epicatechin Gallate (EGCG): A type of catechin found in green tea, EGCG has antioxidant properties and has been studied for its potential health benefits, including cardiovascular health.